Some Cool Python Features 🌱

Dataclasses

import dataclasses

@dataclasses.dataclass
class FruitBasket:
	fruits: List[str]
	basket_type: str

Operator Overloading


@dataclasses.dataclass
class FruitBasket:
	fruits: List[str]
	basket_type: str

def __add__(self, other_basket: FruitBasket):
    return FruitBasket(fruits=self.fruits + other_basket.fruits, basket_type="multiple baskets")

my_basket = FruitBasket(["banana", "orange", "apple"], "wicker")
michael_basket = FruitBasket(["clementine", "lemon", "peach"], "wicker")
combined_basket = my_basket + michael_basket
combined_basket

Outputs:

FruitBasket(fruits=\['banana', 'orange', 'apple', 'clementine', 'lemon', 'peach'\], basket\_type='multiple baskets')

Can do this with a bunch of different operations: <, >, ==, >=, <=, len(), [], bool()

Decorators

def smart_divide(func):
    def inner(a, b):
        print("I am going to divide", a, "and", b)
        if b == 0:
            print("Whoops! cannot divide")
            return
        return func(a, b)
    return inner

This nested function smart_divide takes in an input function func and then creates a function around it called inner which it returns. inner is a function object itself.

In order to apply this decorator function on something there are wo ways that are equivalent:

1

def divide(a, b):
	print(a/b)

inner_func = smart_divide(divide)
inner_func(1,2)
  1. Create function divide
  2. The nested function smart_divide takes in this divide function and returns the inner function object. This object can be called normally like any other function

    2

    ` @smart_divide def divide(a, b): print(a/b)

divide(1,2)

This is equivalent to the above method.
1. `smart_divide` sets `divide` to be the function `inner`.  So now whenever `divide` is called, it is actually the inner function of `smart_divide` that's being called.


### Abstract Base Classes

import abc import pandas as pd

class MyClass(abc.ABC):
@abc.abstractmethod
def some_function1(self, arg1: list, arg2: pd.DataFrame) -> pd.DataFrame:
pass

@abc.abstractmethod  
 	def some_function2(self, arg1: pd.Series, arg2: int, arg3: str):  
	pass ```

Any class that inherits from MyClass is required to declare the functions that have the @abc.abstractmethod decorator. We can just specify the types that the function takes, and the functions we declare must have the same types.

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